網絡一隅￤Net`Corner

Front row statement:
The author is not a professional scholar and has only a rudimentary understanding of phonology. If there are any foundational errors, please kindly point them out, thank you very much!
Pronunciation may vary across counties and cities, and this article cannot cover all situations. The author's personal Mandarin and dialect are not very standard, and any doubts will not be elaborated upon.

Jining City is located in southwestern Shandong, and Jining dialect mostly belongs to the "Yanhe" or "Cailu" dialects of Central Plains Mandarin.

References and Acknowledgments#

• “Cultural Characteristics and Evolution of Shandong Dialects”
• “Analysis of Jining Dialect”
• “Jining Dialect”
• “Central Plains Mandarin”
• “Jining Dialect”

Recommended reading: The above literature is undoubtedly more professional than this article.

---

Initial Consonants#

Flat and Retroflex#

• No distinction between flat and retroflex: Mandarin zh/ch/sh/r are all pronounced as flat sounds z/c/s/[z]
• Erhua transformation: In most counties and cities, after the initial consonant syllables z/c/s/[z] undergo erhua, the initial consonants retroflex to zh/ch/sh/r

Light Labial Sounds#

1. When Mandarin sh combines with the mouth call (with u in the onset/nucleus, such as uo), Jining dialect's initial consonant changes to f
   • For example, 刷: shua -> fa
2. When Mandarin f combines with the ei final, in some regions ei is pronounced as i
   • For example, 飛: fei -> fi

Zero Initial Consonants#

1. Some zero-initial consonant words (such as "襖，安，恩") produce a voiced velar fricative [ɣ]
2. Some Mandarin n initial consonant words, which are ancient 疑 ng initial consonant words (such as "倪，霓，擬，凝，虐，瘧，逆") drop to zero initial consonants

---

Tones#

Four tones, with no entering tone (clear entering tone and secondary voiced entering tone characters are classified as yinping, fully voiced entering tone characters are classified as yangping)

Tone Value System#

Non-Strict Tone Type Comparison (for reference only)#

---

Finals#

Differentiation of Ancient Entering Tone Characters#

In the process of entering tone finals transforming into level tone finals, Central Plains Mandarin also differs from Mandarin:

Other Features#

• In the dialect, Mandarin ueng finals are uniformly pronounced as eng